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fy Ḹl ạạḥtrạr ạlʿạlmy wtgyr ạlmnạk wạlấfrạṷ fy ạsthlạk ạlmwạrd, ạ̉ạbḥ ạlʿysẖ mnkẖfḥ ạ ạlkẗ fy ạlmjtmʿ ạlḥdytẫ. ydrk ạlmzyd wạlmzyd mn ạlạ̉sr ạ̉n ḥty̱ ạltfạṵyl ạlḵgyrẗ fy ḥyạthm ạlywmyẗ ymkn ạ̉n tẖẗ ạlbyẗẗ. wmn byn hdẖh ạltfạṣyl, yʿtbr ạ̉dạrẗ ạlmṭbkẖ ạ̉mrqạ bạlgạ ạlạ̉hmyẗ. ḥytẖ ạ̉n ạlmṭbkkẖ, kamnṭqẗ ạ̉sạsyẗ ltkẖzyn ạltạsạm wmʿạljth, ymkan ạn yql bsẖkl kạlạbr wạlbṣmẗ ạlkrbwnyẗ mn kạl ạltnẖym ạlfʿạl. wfqqạ lmʿhd ạlsyạsạt ạlgẖdạỷyẗ ạldwly (IFPRI), ytm hdr tẖltẫ ạltạ̉m ạlmntj ʿạlmyqạ, wạlkntẖhdạlḥạd fy ạlmạbkẖ ạlmnzlyẗ. ạ̉n tqlyl hdr ạlḥʿạm lạ yḥạfḸ fqṭ ʿly̱ ạlmwạrd, bl ysạʿd ạ̉ạạ fy tqlyl ạnbʿạtẖạtạlạt. ldẖlk, fấn tḥsyn ạltkẖzyn fy ạlmṷbkẖ lạ ysạʿd ạlạ̉sr fqṭ fy ạ̉dạrẗ mkwnạthạ bsẖlq ạ ạ̉yḍqạ fy ḥyạẗ mnkkhfẗẗ ạlkrbwn.

sitnạwl hdẖạ ạlmqạl ạlʿlạqẗ byn tkkzyn ạlmṷbkk wạlḥyẗ mnkkhfẗẗ ạlkrbwn, wkyf ymkạlạlạlạl mn hdr ạlṭʿạm wbaltạly yqll mn bṣmẗ ạlkrbwn fy ạlmṷbkẖ ạlʿạỦly bnsbẗ 28%. snstʿrḍ bʿḶ ạltqạryr wạlbyạnạt mn ạlmnḸmạt ạlʿạlmyẗ ạlmwtẫwqẗ ldʿm hdẖạ ạlnqạsẖ.

1. tạtẖyr bṣmẗ ạlkrbwn lhdr ạltẖʿạm.

wfqqạ lmnḸmẗ ạlạ̉gẖdẖyẗ wạlzrạʿẗ ạltạbʿẗ lạm ạltạbʿẗ lạm ạlmtḥdẗ (FAO), ytm hdr ḥwạly tẖltạ ạlʿmạmạm ʿạm. hdạ ạlhdr lạ yhdr fqṭ ạlmwạrd mtẖl ạlmạʾ wạlạạẶy wạltạqẗ, bl yntj ʿnh ạ̉ạmạ ạnbʿạmạtạt ạldfyẗẗ kạlạl mrạḥl ạlạtạj wạlnql wạltkạlẵ. tsẖyr tqạryr mnḸmẗ ạlạ̉gẖdẖyẗ wạlzrạʿẗ ạ̉ly̱ ạ̉n qậạʿ ạlgẖdạʾ ymtẫl ḥwạly 25% mn ạlạnbʿạtẖ ạlgạzạt ạldfyẗẗ, wyḥdtẫ jzʾ kbyr mn hdẖh ạlạnbʿạtẖạt bsbb hdr ạltʿạm. wạlgạlbyẗ ạlʿḥmy̱ mn hdr ạlậʿạm tḥdtẫ bʿd ạlạạm tḥdtẫ bʿd ạlạạlạj wạlnql, mmạ yʿny ạ̉n ạlbṣmẗ ạlkrbwnyẗ ạ mạlẗ.

fy ạlạ̉sr, yʿtbr hdr ạltẖʿạm ạ̉ktẖr wẖwḥqạ. tstry ạlʿdyd mn ạlạ̉sr ạltʿạm wlknhạ lạ tsthlkh fy ạlwkt ạlmạsb, mmạ yạdy ạḻ̱ tlfhḵ ạạạt wfy ạlnhạyẗ ytm ạltkẖlẵ mnh. lạ ytsb dẖlk fy hdr ạlmwạrd fqṷ, bl yạrd fqṷ, bl yọyf ạ̉yọqạ ạ ạ̉ly̱ bṣmẗ ạlkrbwn ạlkạṣẗ bạlạẗ. wfqqạ ldrạsẗ wzạrẗ ạlbyạẗ wạlạạrẗ wạlsẖẗ wạlẖdẖyẗ wạlsẖtẗ ạlryfyẗ fy ạlmmlkẗ ạlmtḥdẗ (DEFRA), ạmạtạn tqlyl hdr ạlậʿạm bnsbẗ 30%, fấnhạ stwfr mạ yʿạdl 2.5 mlywn thạn mn ạnbʿạtẖạt ạlgạzạt ạmwẗ ạlẗf yʿạdl tqlyl ạnbʿạtạt ḥwạly 900 000 syẗ.

2. kyf ymkan ltkkhzyn ạlmṭbkkh tqlyl hdr ạlṭʿạmẖ

1. ạltṣnyf ạlʿlmy wạltkẖzyn ạlmnạsb.

ạlkẖwẗ ạlạ̉wlyy fy tkkzyn ạlmẖbkkh hy tṣnyf ạlmkwnạt bsẖkl ʿlmy wtkẖzynhạ fy ạlḸrwsẖ ạlmạ. mn khlạl tnḥym ạlmkwnạt ḥsb ạlfḦạt wtwạtr ạstkạdạm wmtṭlbạt ạltkẖzyn, ymkan ạlḥfạḸ ʿlạm ạlạt ḥạth, mmạ ysạʿd fy ạạlẗ ʿmrh ạftrạḶy wtqlyl ạlhdr. tsẖyr drạsạt wkạlẗ ḥmạyẗ ạlbyẗẗ ạlạ̉mrykyẗ (EPA) ạ̉ly̱ ạ̉n ạdạrẗ ạlmkwnạt bsẖl fʿạlạdạn tqlyl hdr ạltẖʿạm bnsbẗ 20%.

ʿly̱ sbyl ạlmtẖạl, yjb tkkzyn ạlslʿ ạljạfẗ wạlạ̱ʿmẗ ạlmʿlbẗ wạlmjmdẗ fy ạ̉mạkan jbạfẗ wbẗ tkkhzyn ạlmwạd ạlqạblẗ ltlf mtẖl ạlfwạk wạlkẖḶrwạt ḥsb ḥtyạjạthạ mn ạltbryd ạltlf ạlạblẗ bạrd wjyd ạlthwyẗ. hdẖạ lạ ysạʿd fqṭ fy ạlḥfạẗ ʿly̱ ạlḥrạwẩ, bl yqll mn ạlhdr ạlnạtj ʿn fsạd ạlạʿạm.

2. mbdạ FIFO (ạ̉wlqạ fy, ạ̉wlqạ kạrjqạ)

mbdẗ FIFO (First In, First Out) hw ṷryqẗ fʿạlẗ wsẖạẗʿẗ fy ạ̉dạrẗ ạlṭʿạm. yktḍy hdẖạ ạlmbdạ ạ̉n ytm ạstkẖdạm ạlmkwnạt ạlty tm sẖrạạhạ ạ̉wlqạ fy ạlbdạyẗ, mmạ yạmạtạmạt ạsthlạk ạ̉wlqạ. wfqqạ ltqryr mn brnạmj "ạlnfạyạt wạlmwạrd" (WRAP), ymkan lạạt ạlty tbʿ mbdạ FIFO tqlylẗ hdạm ạl.1. kmạ ạ̉n wḶʿ ʿlạmạt wạẶḥẗ wtwạryk ʿly̱ ạlạʿạm ysạʿd ạ̉frạd ạlạ̉srẗ fy mʿrfẗ trtyb ạmạmẗ ạmạmẗ yʿzz kfạʾẗ ạdạrẗ ạltạʿạm.

3. sẖrạʾ dqyq wtkẖṭyṭ ạlwjbạt bsẖkl ʿqlạny.

tʿtbr ʿmlyạt sẖrạʾ ạlṭʿạm ạldqyqẗ wtkẖặyẗ ạlwjbẗ bʿnạyẗ mn ạlạ̉sạlyb ạlmhmẗ ltqlyl ạldr. mn kạl ạltkẖṭ llwjbạt msbqqạ, ymkan llạsrẗ sẖrạʾ ạlmkwnạt ạlty tḥtạjhạ fqṭy, mạn ạlsẖrạʾ ạldẖy ykdy ạḻly bqạʾ ạltẖʿạm dwn ạstkẖdạm. wfqqạ ldrạsẗ wzạrẗ ạlbyẗ wạlạạrẗ ạlbyẗ wạlạạdẖyẗ wạlsẖẗw ạlryfyẗ (DEFRA), ytsb ạlsẖrạʾ ạlzạẖd yẗ 5m2 hdr ạlṭʿạm fy ạlạ̉sr.

ʿlạwẗ ʿly̱̱ dẖlk, ynṣḥ bạ̉n tsẖtry ạlạ̉sr ạlmkwnạt bnạʾf ʿly̱̱ ạḥtyạjạthạ ạlfʿlyẗ wtjạnb tqtrb mn ạnthạʾ ạlṣlạḥyẗ ạ̉w ạlʿrwḶ ạltrwyjẗ. hdẖh ạlṭryqẗ fy ạlsẖrạʾ lạ tsạʿd fqṭ fy tqlyl ạlhdr wlkn ạlạ̱ạ fy tqlyẗ bṣmsẗ ạlẗ bạmẗ ạlẗ.

3. ạlʿlạqẗ byn tkkzyn ạlmṭbkkh wbṣmẗ ạlkrbwn.

yʿd ạltkẖzyn ạljyd llmṭbkẖ mrtbṭqạ ạrtbạṷqạ wtẖyqqạ btqlyl bṣmẗ ạlkrbwn. fạltkẖzyn ạlmnhjy lạ ysạʿd fqṭ fy tqlyl hdr ạltẖʿạm, bl yql ạnbʿạtạt ạltẖạdạtạt ạlnạtjẗ ʿn ạlṭʿạm ạlfạsd, wbaltạly yqll mn bṣmẗ ạlkrbwn llmṷbk ạlʿạgally.

1. tqlyl ạldr yqll mn ạnbʿạtạt ạlkrbwn.

ạ̉n hdr ạlậʿạm lạ yhdr fqṭ ạlmwạrd wlkn ạ̉yạyạ ysạhm fy ạnbʿạtẫ ạlgạzạt ạldfyẗ. wfqqạ lbyạnạt mrạqbẗ tgyr ạlmnạk ạlʿạlmyẗ (GGW), ymkan ltqlyl hdr ạltạʿạm bnsbẗ 30% ạạ̉n ysạl tqlyṣ ạnbʿạtẖạt ạlkrbwn bnsbẗ 30%. mn kạl tḥsyn tkẖzyn ạlmṭbkk wḶmạn tkkzyn ạlạl ʿạm bsẖkl mnạsb, ymkan llạl tḥsyn ạn tạlạn ạlmrtbṭẗ bạldr bsẖkl kbyr.

2. ạạlẗ ʿmr ạlmkwnạt

ymkan ltkkhzyn ạlmnạsb lmṭbkkh ạ̉n yṭyl mn ʿmr ạlmkwnạt, mmạ yql mn ạldr ạlnạtj ʿn ạltlf. tsẖyr drạsẗ wzạrẗ ạlzrạʿẗ ạlạ̉mrykyẗ (USDA) ạ̉ly̱̱ ạ̉n ạltbryd wạltjmyd ạlmnạsb ymkan ạ̉n yʿmrykạlt lmkwnạt, mmạ yqll mn ạxatmạl fsạdhạ wdrhạ. ʿly̱ sbyl ạlmtẖạl, ysạʿd ạltbryd ạlmnạsb fy ạlḥfạẸ ʿly̱̱ ạlkẖḶrwạt wạlfwạh lftrẗ ạạạ̱mʿhnf. wạltkẖlẵ mnhạ.

3. tqlyl ạsthlạk ạltạqẗ whdr ạlmwạrd.

ysạhm ạltkẖzyn ạljyd llmṭbkk fy tqlyl hdr ạlậʿạm wạạhm ạltạqẗ fạ ạlạqẗ fạ ạlmẗ ysạʿd tkkhzyn ạlmkwnạt bsẖkl mnạsb fy tsẖgyl ạltạjạt wạlmkẖạzn bkfạạẗ ạ̉kbr, mʿhẗ ymạt bsbsb ạltkẖzyn ạlmfrṷ. wfqqạ lwkạlẗ ạlạqẗ ạldwlyẗ (IEA), ysẖkl ạsthlạk ạlạlạqẗ fy ạlmặạbkẗ ạlmnzlyẗ 15-20% ạlạmẗ ạlạqẗ fy ạlmnạzl, wmn kạl tḥsyn tkẖzyn ạlmḥbkk, ymkan tqlyl ạsthlạk ạltạqẗ bsạlạl ạl bạlt. bṣmẗ ạlkrbwn.

4. drạsạt ḥạẗ ʿạlmyẗ: kyf ysạham tkkzyn ạlmṭbkkh fy ạlʿysẖ mnkẖfẍ ạlkrbwn.

1. ạlswyd: msẖrwʿ ạlmṷbkẖ ạlạ̉kẖḶr

ạlạlt ạlswyd mkẖrqạ msẖrwʿaạ ysmyy "ạlmṭbkk ạlạạ ysmyy", wạlẖy yhdf ấly̱ tqlyl hdr ạltẖʿạmw. kạlạl tḥsyn tkẖzyn ạlmḥbkẖ wẖdạrẗ ạltẖʿạm. wfqqạ ltqryr ạlḥkwmẗ ạlswydyẩ, bʿd tnfydy hdẖạ ạlmsẖrwʿ, qạmt ạlạ̉sr ạlmsẖạrkẗ btạlạmạlạlạl 35%, wạnkẖfẍ mtusṭ bṣmẗ ạlkrbwn bnsbẗ 28%. sạʿd hdẖạ ạlmssẖrwʿ ạlswyd fy tqlyl ạnbʿạtẖạthạ mn ạlkrbwn bnjạḥ mn kạl tʿlym ạlạ̉sr kạtʿkạtạt mnạsb wtqlyl ạlhdr.

2. ạlmmlkẗ ạlmtḥdẗ: brnạmj WRAP ltqlyl hdr ạlṭʿạm

ạ̉ṭlq brnạmj WRAP fy ạlmlkẗ ạlmtḥdẗ msẖrwʿqạ ysmyy "brnạmj tqlyl hdr ạlạʿạm fy ạlảwsr ạlạdạ" tqlyl hdr ạlṭʿạm mn kạl tṭbyq mbdạ FIFO, wạltkẖzyn ạlmnạsb llậʿạm, wtkẖặyạm ạlwjbạt. wfqqạ ltqryr WRAP, qll ạlạ̉sr ạlmsẖạrkẗ fy hdẖạ ạlbrnạmj bṣmthạ ạlkrbwnyẗ bnsbẗ 28%. kmạ ạạạr ạltqryr ạ̉ly̱̱ ạ̉n tḥsyn tkẖzyn ạlmḥbkk wḥdạrẗ ạlḥʿạm sạʿd ʿly̱̱ tqlyl ḥwạly ạạạmạtạl 3% ạldfyḥẗ fy ạlmlkẗ ạlmtḥdẗ.

5. ạlkạtmẗ: tkkzyn ạlmṭbkkh yʿzz ạlḥyạẗ mnkẖfẗẗ ạlkrbwn.

mn kạl tnfydẖ tkẖzyn ạlmṷbkẖ ạlʿlmy wạlmnhjy, ymkan lạlạl tqlyl hdr ạlậʿạm bsẖkl ạlṭʿạm bsẖkl ạlạl wtẗ fy mṷạbkẖhạ bsẖkl kbyr. tsạʿd ạdạrẗ ạlạʿạm ạlmnạsbẗ, wạltạnyf, wạltkẖzyn, wtkẖṭyẖ ạlsẖrạạ fy tqlyl hdr ạlmwạlẗ mmạ yqll mn ạnbʿạtạt ạlgạzạt ạldfyẗẗ. wfqqạ llạ̉bḥạtẗ dẖạt ạlṣlẗ, ymkan ạ̉n tnkẖfẗ bṣmẗ ạlkrbwn lmṷbkẗ ạlạ̉srẗ bnsbẗ 28%.

ldẖlk, yʿtbr tkḥzyn ạlmṷbkkh jzʾqạ ạ ạsạsyqạ mn ạdạrẗ ạlạ̉sr wlknh ạ ʿnẵr ḥḥạsmq mnkkhfḍẗ ạlkrbwn. ymkan lkl wạḥd mnạ ạlmsạhmẗ fy tqlyl hdr ạlḥʿạm, wạlḥfạḸ ʿly̱ ạlmwạrd, wḥmạyẗ ạlbyḥsạlmẗ tkkzyn ạlmṭbkẖ wẗdạrẗ ạltẖʿạm.